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Cochineal (Carminic Acid) (E120) — What You Need to Know

Generally Safe(7/10)Natural
7
GENERALLY SAFE
Safety Score: 7/10

What Is Cochineal (Carminic Acid)?

Cochineal is a natural red pigment obtained from the dried bodies of female cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus), which feed on prickly pear cacti in Central and South America. The active coloring component is carminic acid, which is processed into carmine lake for use in food. It has been used as a dye for over 500 years and produces vivid, stable red hues that are resistant to heat, light, and oxidation.

What Is It Used For?

Used as a natural red coloring in food, beverages, and cosmetics. Preferred over synthetic red dyes by some manufacturers seeking 'natural' label claims, though its insect origin limits its market among vegan and certain religious consumers.

Function: Natural red food coloring derived from cochineal insects
0.3 mg
Typical daily intake
350 mg
Max safe daily (70 kg adult)
0.1%
of ADI (typical diet)

Safety Assessment

📊
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
5 mg/kg bw/day
🏛️
Regulatory Status
🇪🇺 EU: Authorized
🇺🇸 US: Approved
🇯🇵 JP: Approved
🇦🇺 AU: Approved
🇨🇦 CA: Approved
⚠️ Key Concerns

Cochineal can cause allergic reactions including anaphylaxis in rare cases, particularly in individuals with pre-existing allergies. The FDA mandated specific labeling of cochineal extract and carmine on food and cosmetic labels since January 2011 due to reported allergic reactions. In 2012, a Starbucks controversy over cochineal in strawberry Frappuccinos led many companies to switch to plant-based alternatives. The EU also requires allergen labeling. Not suitable for vegan or vegetarian diets as it is derived from insects. Kosher status is disputed among rabbinical authorities.

Our Assessment

Based on current evidence, Cochineal (Carminic Acid) is rated Generally Safe with a score of 7/10. This is 1.2 points above the average for colorings (5.8/10). Last reviewed by regulators: 2015. A typical diet provides about 0.1% of the acceptable daily intake.

Commonly Found In

YogurtCandyBeveragesCosmeticsSausagesIce cream
Example brands:
DannonStarbucks (removed 2012)Campari

Always check the label for E120 or 'Cochineal (Carminic Acid)'

▶Chemical Information
Formula: C22H20O13
Molecular Weight: 492.39 g/mol
CAS Number: 1390-65-4
INS Number: 120
Also known as: E120, Carmine, Carminic Acid, Natural Red 4, CI 75470, Crimson Lake, INS 120

Frequently Asked Questions about Cochineal (Carminic Acid)

Cochineal (Carminic Acid) has a Safety Score of 7/10 (Generally Safe). Cochineal can cause allergic reactions including anaphylaxis in rare cases, particularly in individuals with pre-existing allergies. The FDA mandated specific labeling of cochineal extract and carmine on food and cosmetic labels since January 2011 due to reported allergic reactions. In 2012, a Starbucks controversy over cochineal in strawberry Frappuccinos led many companies to switch to plant-based alternatives. The EU also requires allergen labeling. Not suitable for vegan or vegetarian diets as it is derived from insects. Kosher status is disputed among rabbinical authorities.

Quick Facts

E-Number
E120
INS Number
120
Category
Colorings
Origin
Natural
FDA Status
Approved (listed as Cochineal Extract / Carmine)
EFSA Status
Authorized
ADI
5 mg/kg bw/day
Last Review
2015
Dietary Compatibility
Vegan: ❌ NoHalal: ❌ NoKosher: ❓ UnknownGluten-Free: ✅ Yes

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Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional for health-related decisions.

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