Cochineal (Carminic Acid) (E120) — What You Need to Know
The score is an eNumbers.org editorial summary, not an official agency rating or medical advice. Start with the regulatory status and primary sources below.
What Is Cochineal (Carminic Acid)?
Cochineal is a natural red pigment obtained from the dried bodies of female cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus), which feed on prickly pear cacti in Central and South America. The active coloring component is carminic acid, which is processed into carmine lake for use in food. It has been used as a dye for over 500 years and produces vivid, stable red hues that are resistant to heat, light, and oxidation.
What Is It Used For?
Used as a natural red coloring in food, beverages, and cosmetics. Preferred over synthetic red dyes by some manufacturers seeking 'natural' label claims, though its insect origin limits its market among vegan and certain religious consumers.
Exposure figures are population-level references, not personal limits. Actual intake varies by diet, product and jurisdiction.
Regulatory & Editorial Context
Cochineal can cause allergic reactions including anaphylaxis in rare cases, particularly in individuals with pre-existing allergies. The FDA mandated specific labeling of cochineal extract and carmine on food and cosmetic labels since January 2011 due to reported allergic reactions. In 2012, a Starbucks controversy over cochineal in strawberry Frappuccinos led many companies to switch to plant-based alternatives. The EU also requires allergen labeling. Not suitable for vegan or vegetarian diets as it is derived from insects. Kosher status is disputed among rabbinical authorities.
eNumbers.org currently assigns Cochineal (Carminic Acid) an editorial context label of Generally Safe with a score of 7/10. This is 1.2 points above the database average for colorings (5.8/10). Dataset reference year: 2015. The dataset's population estimate equals about 0.1% of the listed ADI.
This score is not issued by EFSA, FDA, WHO or another regulator.
Commonly Found In
Always check the label for E120 or 'Cochineal (Carminic Acid)'
▶Chemical Information
Frequently Asked Questions about Cochineal (Carminic Acid)
Quick Facts
- E-Number
- E120
- INS Number
- 120
- Category
- Colorings
- Origin
- Natural
- FDA Status
- Approved (listed as Cochineal Extract / Carmine)
- EFSA Status
- Authorized
- ADI
- 5 mg/kg bw/day
- Dataset Review
- 2015
Carriers, processing aids and product certification can change suitability. Verify the final label and certifier.
Quick Links
Related Additives
Other colorings in the same family