Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) (E321) — What You Need to Know
What Is Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)?
BHT is a synthetic antioxidant closely related to BHA, used to prevent oxidation and rancidity in fats, oils, and fat-containing foods. Unlike BHA, it has not been classified as carcinogenic by IARC, but EFSA has set a very low ADI reflecting some safety concerns. It is also used as a stabilizer in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and plastics.
What Is It Used For?
Prevents oxidation and rancidity in fats, oils, and fat-containing foods. Also used as a stabilizer in food packaging materials to prevent migration of off-flavors.
Safety Assessment
Less controversial than BHA — IARC has NOT classified BHT as carcinogenic (unlike BHA which is Group 2B). However, EFSA set a very low ADI (0.25 mg/kg bw/day) and noted that some population groups may exceed this. Animal studies show liver enlargement and effects on blood clotting at high doses. Some studies show tumor-promoting activity at high doses, while others show anti-cancer effects — results are contradictory. Also used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and as a stabilizer in plastics and rubber. Being replaced by natural alternatives in many products.
Based on current evidence, Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) is rated Caution with a score of 5/10. This is 2.1 points below the average for antioxidants (7.1/10). Last reviewed by regulators: 2018. A typical diet provides about 2.3% of the acceptable daily intake.
Commonly Found In
Always check the label for E321 or 'Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)'
▶Chemical Information
Frequently Asked Questions about Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Quick Facts
- E-Number
- E321
- INS Number
- 321
- Category
- Antioxidants
- Origin
- Synthetic
- FDA Status
- GRAS
- EFSA Status
- Authorized
- ADI
- 0.25 mg/kg bw/day
- Last Review
- 2018
Related Additives
Other antioxidants in the same family