tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) (E319) — What You Need to Know
What Is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)?
TBHQ is a synthetic antioxidant derived from hydroquinone, used primarily to extend the shelf life of oils and fat-containing processed foods. It is not authorized as a food additive in the EU or Japan, but is permitted in the United States and several other countries at limited concentrations. It is one of the more controversial synthetic antioxidants still in widespread use.
What Is It Used For?
Prevents oxidation and rancidity in cooking oils, fried foods, and fat-containing snack products. Commonly found in US fast food and packaged food products.
Safety Assessment
Not authorized in the EU as a food additive. FDA allows use up to 0.02% of fat content. High doses in animal studies caused stomach tumors in rats and damage to DNA. Some studies link to immune system effects — a 2019 EWG report highlighted concerns about TBHQ affecting immune response. NTP found equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity. Often used in US fast food and snack products where it is absent from EU equivalents. Consumer advocacy groups like CSPI recommend avoiding it.
Based on current evidence, tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is rated Questionable with a score of 4/10. This is 3.1 points below the average for antioxidants (7.1/10). Last reviewed by regulators: 2019. A typical diet provides about 0.4% of the acceptable daily intake.
Commonly Found In
Always check the label for E319 or 'tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)'
▶Chemical Information
Frequently Asked Questions about tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)
Quick Facts
- E-Number
- E319
- INS Number
- 319
- Category
- Antioxidants
- Origin
- Synthetic
- FDA Status
- Approved
- EFSA Status
- Not authorized
- ADI
- 0.7 mg/kg bw/day
- Last Review
- 2019
Related Additives
Other antioxidants in the same family